India has started planning to distribute the Covid-19 vaccine whenever it is ready as the number of new cases continues on a downward trend.
The country has reported 7.65 million cases so far, the second-highest tally in the world after that of the US.
But the authorities remain concerned about the potential for another spike as the festive season – when large gatherings are the norm – is just around the corner.
Health Secretary Rajesh Bhushan said the first phase of the plan from January to July next year will involve vaccinating 30 million people, including healthcare workers on the front line, according to local media. States have been asked to draw up their priority lists.
“We think if present trials proceed according to plan, the number of doses would be sufficient to immunise priority list persons,” he told a press conference on Tuesday.
Mr Bhushan said that under the immunisation programme, India already has a network of 29,000 cold storage facilities and a digital platform to track the doses of vaccines and the temperatures at which they are kept.
“We have these facilities. Discussions are going on over what type of augmentation is necessary,” he said.
An expert group, including top government officials and health experts, is preparing the vaccination plan.
Prime Minister Narendra Modi has also asked officials to look at distributing the vaccine through the election mechanism or disaster management networks, which are widespread and cover the entire span of the vast country.
Mr Modi has already asked officials to plan cold storage chains in advance, strengthen the existing distribution network for vaccines and prepare equipment like vials and syringes.
India will no doubt be at the forefront of ensuring a global supply of the vaccine whenever it is released.
The South Asian country is a supplier of medicine for a variety of diseases across the world and is known for producing high-quality and low-cost medicine for India as well as the global market.
It meets 50 per cent to 60 per cent of global demand for many vaccines, and supplies affordable anti-retroviral drugs and 40 per cent of generics consumed in the US, according to a report by the Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry.
Still, experts noted that nothing on the scale of vaccination planned for Covid-19 has been attempted in India before.
“The challenges would be both in the logistics of the supply chain and in the health workforce needed to administer the vaccine and monitor the adverse effects. The former may be more easy to solve. Organising the administration of the vaccine to the huge (1.35 billion) population will call for a large health workforce,” said Professor K. Srinath Reddy, president of the Public Health Foundation of India.
“It will be especially demanding if it is a two-dose vaccine,” he added.
The Serum Institute of India and Bharat Biotech are expected to pursue late-stage clinical trials of their respective intranasal Covid-19 vaccines in the coming months after getting approval, the government has said.
Ahmedabad-based Zydus Cadila’s ZyCoV-D vaccine trials are in Phase II, while a Russian Covid-19 vaccine has also received regulatory approval for clinical trials in India.
Leading epidemiologist Shahid Jameel said that the liquid-form vaccine would be best suited for India.
“There would be limited capacity in India to store, let alone transport vaccines to all parts of the country if they require minus 20 deg C or minus 70 deg C temperatures.
“India should go with vaccines that require storage and transport in liquid form (that is, between 4 deg C and 10 deg C) and not the ones that have to be kept frozen,” said Dr Jameel.
He added: “I feel the biggest challenge would be cold chain (management), depending upon what vaccine is to be deployed.”
He welcomed the plan to use the election network for distribution.
“India has a very good election network and it would be wise to deploy that. India also has a lot of experience with polio eradication… and door-to-door vaccination campaigns, which can be deployed.”